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An optimizationapproach has been developed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol propertiesand normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) from multispectral,multiangular, and polarimetric observations over ocean. The main features ofthe method are (1) use of a simplified bio-optical model to estimate nLw,followed by an empirical refinement within a specified range to improve itsaccuracy; (2) improved algorithm convergence and stability by applyingconstraints on the spatial smoothness of aerosol loading and Chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration across neighboring image patches and spectralconstraints on aerosol optical properties and nLw across relevant bands;and (3) enhanced Jacobian calculation by modeling and storing the radiativetransfer (RT) in aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layer, pure Rayleigh-scatteringlayers, and ocean medium separately, then coupling them to calculate thefield at the sensor. This approach avoids unnecessary and time-consumingrecalculations of RT in unperturbed layers in Jacobian evaluations. TheMarkov chain method is used to model RT in the aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layerand the doubling method is used for the uniform layers of theatmosphere–ocean system. Our optimization approach has been tested usingradiance and polarization measurements acquired by the Airborne MultiangleSpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) over the AERONET USC_SeaPRISM oceansite (6 February 2013) and near the AERONET La Jolla site (14 January 2013),which, respectively, reported relatively high and low aerosol loadings.Validation of the results is achieved through comparisons to AERONET aerosoland ocean color products. For comparison, the USC_SeaPRISM retrieval is alsoperformed by use of the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and SurfaceProperties algorithm (Dubovik et al., 2011). Uncertainties of aerosol and nLwretrievals due to random and systematic instrument errors are analyzed bytruth-in/truth-out tests with three Chl a concentrations, five aerosolloadings, three different types of aerosols, and nine combinations of solarincidence and viewing geometries

Joint retrieval of aerosol and water-leaving radiance from multispectral, multiangular and polarimetric measurements over ocean