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Synergistic exploitation of redundant and complementary information fromindependent observations of the same target remains a major issue inatmospheric remote sounding and increasing attention is devoted toinvestigate optimized or innovative methods for the combination of two ormore measured data sets. This paper focuses on the synergy between middleinfrared and millimeter-wave limb sounding measurements of atmosphericcomposition and temperature and reports the results of a study conducted aspart of the preparatory activities of the PREMIER (Process Explorationthrough Measurements of Infrared and millimeter-wave Emitted Radiation)mission candidate to the Core Missions of the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 7. The activitywas based on data acquired by the MIPAS-STR (Michelson Interferometer forPassive Atmospheric Sounding – STRatospheric aircraft) and MARSCHALS(Millimetre-wave Airborne Receivers for Spectroscopic CHaracterisation inAtmospheric Limb Sounding) instruments on-board the high-altitude researchaircraft M-55 Geophysica during the flight of the PremierEx (PREMIERExperiment) campaign on 10 March 2010 from Kiruna, Sweden, for observation ofthe Arctic upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The cloud coverageobserved along the flight provided representative test cases to evaluate thesynergy in three different scenarios: low clouds in the first part, no cloudsin the central part and high tropospheric clouds at the end. The calculationof synergistic profiles of four atmospheric targets (i.e., O3,HNO3, H2O and temperature) was performed using a posterioricombination of individual retrieved profiles, i.e., Level 2 (L2) data ratherthan simultaneous inversion of observed radiances, i.e., Level 1 (L1) data.An innovative method of data fusion, based on the Measurement Space Solution(MSS) was applied along with the standard approach of inversion of MARSCHALSspectral radiances using MIPAS-STR retrieval products as a priori information(L1 + L2 method). A quantitative estimate and cross-check of the resultsof MSS data fusion and (L1 + L2) method was achieved based on a specificset of quantifiers including the total retrieval error, the number of degreesof freedom, the relative information distribution and the synergy factor

Synergy between middle infrared and millimeter-wave limb sounding of atmospheric temperature and minor constituents