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A method to detect and quantify mass concentrations of trace metals on sootparticles by the Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SP-AMS) was developed and evaluated in this study. The generation ofmonodisperse Regal black (RB) test particles with trace amounts of 13different metals (Na, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba)allowed for the determination of the relative ionization efficiency of eachmetal relative to black carbon (RIEmeas). The observedRIEmeas / RIEtheory values were larger than unity for Na, Rb, Ca, Srand Ba due to thermal surface ionization (TSI) on the surface of thelaser-heated RB particles. Values closer to unity were obtained for thetransition metals Zn, Cu, V and Cr. Mn, Fe, and Ni presented the lowestRIEmeas / RIEtheory ratios and highest deviation from unity. Thelatter discrepancy is unexplained; however it may be related to problems withour calibration method and/or the formation of metal complexes that were notsuccessfully quantified. The response of the metals to the laser power wasinvestigated and the results indicated that a minimum pump laser current of0.6 A was needed in order to vaporize the metals and the refractory black carbon (rBC). Isotopicpatterns of metals were resolved from high-resolution mass spectra, and themass-weighted size distributions for each individual metal ion were obtainedusing the high-resolution particle time-of-flight (HR-PToF) method. TheRIEmeas values obtained in this study were applied to the data ofemission measurements in a heavy-fuel-oil-fired heating station. Emissionmeasurements revealed a large number of trace metals, including evidence formetal oxides and metallic salts, such as vanadium sulfate, calcium sulfate,iron sulfate and barium sulfate, which were identified in the SP-AMShigh-resolution mass spectra. SP-AMS measurements of Ba, Fe, and V agreedwith ICP-MS analyzed filter samples within a factor of 2 when emitted rBCmass loadings were elevated

Characterization of trace metals on soot aerosol particles with the SP-AMS: detection and quantification