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Top-down approaches to measure total integrated emissions provideverification of bottom-up, temporally resolved, inventory-based estimations.Aircraft-based measurements of air pollutants from sources in the Canadianoil sands were made in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta ImplementationPlan for Oil Sands Monitoring during a summer intensive field campaignbetween 13 August and 7 September 2013. The measurements contribute toknowledge needed in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Planfor Oil Sands Monitoring. This paper describes the top-down emission rateretrieval algorithm (TERRA) to determine facility emissions of pollutants,using SO2 and CH4 as examples, based on the aircraft measurements.In this algorithm, the flight path around a facility at multiple heights ismapped to a two-dimensional vertical screen surrounding the facility. Thetotal transport of SO2 and CH4 through this screen is calculatedusing aircraft wind measurements, and facility emissions are then calculatedbased on the divergence theorem with estimations of box-top losses,horizontal and vertical turbulent fluxes, surface deposition, and apparentlosses due to air densification and chemical reaction. Example calculationsfor two separate flights are presented. During an upset condition ofSO2 emissions on one day, these calculations are within 5 % of theindustry-reported, bottom-up measurements. During a return to normaloperating conditions, the SO2 emissions are within 11 % ofindustry-reported, bottom-up measurements. CH4 emissions calculatedwith the algorithm are relatively constant within the range ofuncertainties. Uncertainty of the emission rates is estimated as less than30 %, which is primarily due to the unknown SO2 and CH4 mixingratios near the surface below the lowest flight level

Determining air pollutant emission rates based on mass balance using airborne measurement data over the Alberta oil sands operations