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In many clouds, the formation of ice requires the presence of particlescapable of nucleating ice. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare incomparison to cloud condensation nuclei. However, the fact that only a smallfraction of aerosol particles can nucleate ice means that detection andquantification of INPs is challenging. This is particularly true attemperatures above about −20 °C since the population of particlescapable of serving as INPs decreases dramatically with increasingtemperature. In this paper, we describe an experimental technique in whichdroplets of microlitre volume containing ice-nucleating material are cooleddown at a controlled rate and their freezing temperatures recorded. Theadvantage of using large droplet volumes is that the surface area perdroplet is vastly larger than in experiments focused on single aerosolparticles or cloud-sized droplets. This increases the probability ofobserving the effect of less common, but important, high-temperature INPsand therefore allows the quantification of their ice nucleation efficiency.The potential artefacts which could influence data from this experiment, andother similar experiments, are mitigated and discussed. Experimentallydetermined heterogeneous ice nucleation efficiencies for K-feldspar(microcline), kaolinite, chlorite, NX-illite, Snomax<sup>®</sup> andsilver iodide are presented

A technique for quantifying heterogeneous ice nucleation in microlitre supercooled water droplets