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The spatial variability of the tropical troposphericrelative humidity (RH) throughout the vertical extent of the troposphere isexamined using Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPSRO)observations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission. These high vertical resolutionobservations capture the detailed structure and moisture budget of theHadley Cell circulation. We compare the COSMIC observations with theEuropean Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ReanalysisInterim (ERA-Interim) and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Researchand Applications (MERRA) climatologies. Qualitatively, the spatial patternof RH in all data sets matches up remarkably well, capturing distinctfeatures of the general circulation. However, RH discrepancies exist betweenERA-Interim and COSMIC data sets that are noticeable across the tropicalboundary layer. Specifically, ERA-Interim shows a drier IntertropicalConvergence Zone (ITCZ) by 15–20% compared to both COSMIC and MERRA datasets, but this difference decreases with altitude. Unlike ECMWF, MERRA showsan excellent agreement with the COSMIC observations except above 400 hPa,where GPSRO observations capture drier air by 5–10%. RH climatologieswere also used to evaluate intraseasonal variability. The results indicatethat the tropical middle troposphere at ±5–25° is mostsensitive to seasonal variations. COSMIC and MERRA data sets capture thesame magnitude of the seasonal variability, but ERA-Interim shows a weakerseasonal fluctuation up to 10% in the middle troposphere inside the dryair subsidence regions of the Hadley Cell. Over the ITCZ, RH varies bymaximum 9% between winter and summer

On the comparisons of tropical relative humidity in the lower and middle troposphere among COSMIC radio occultations and MERRA and ECMWF data sets