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The GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) data processing for the  Vaisala RS92 radiosonde was developed to meet the criteria for  reference measurements.  These criteria stipulate the collection of  metadata, the use of well-documented correction algorithms, and  estimates of the measurement uncertainty.  An important and novel  aspect of the GRUAN processing is that the uncertainty estimates are  vertically resolved.  This paper describes the algorithms that are  applied in version 2 of the GRUAN processing to correct for  systematic errors in radiosonde measurements of pressure,  temperature, humidity, and wind, as well as how the uncertainties  related to these error sources are derived.  Currently, the RS92 is launched on a regular basis at 13 out of 15 GRUAN sites.  An additional GRUAN  requirement for performing reference measurements with the RS92 is  that the manufacturer-prescribed procedure for the radiosonde's  preparation, i.e. heated reconditioning of the sensors and  recalibration during ground check, is followed.  In the GRUAN  processing however, the recalibration of the humidity sensors that  is applied during ground check is removed.  For the dominant error  source, solar radiation, laboratory experiments were performed to  investigate and model its effect on the RS92's temperature and  humidity measurements.  GRUAN uncertainty estimates are 0.15 K for night-time temperature measurements  and approximately 0.6 K at 25 km during daytime.  The other uncertainty estimates are up to 6% relative humidity for humidity, 10–50 m  for geopotential height, 0.6 hPa for pressure, 0.4–1 m s<sup>−1</sup>  for wind speed, and 1° for wind direction.  Daytime temperature profiles for GRUAN and  Vaisala processing are comparable and consistent within the  estimated uncertainty.  GRUAN daytime humidity profiles are up to  15% moister than Vaisala processed profiles, of which  two-thirds is due to the radiation dry bias correction and  one-third is due to an additional calibration correction.  Redundant measurements with frost point hygrometers (CFH  and NOAA FPH) show that GRUAN-processed RS92 humidity profiles  and frost point data agree within 15% in the troposphere.  No systematic biases occur, apart from a 5% dry bias for GRUAN data  around −40 °C at night

Reference quality upper-air measurements: GRUAN data processing for the Vaisala RS92 radiosonde