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Accurate measurement of black carbon (BC) mass concentrations in snow andice is crucial for the assessment of climatic impacts. However, it isdifficult to compare methods used to assess BC levels in the literature asthey are not the same. The single particle soot photometer (SP2) methodappears to be one of the most suitable to measure low concentrations of BCin snow and ice. In this paper, we evaluated a method for the quantificationof refractory BC (rBC) in snow and ice samples coupling the SP2 with theAPEX-Q nebulizer. The paper reviews all the steps of rBC determination,including SP2 calibration, correction for rBC particle aerosolizationefficiency (75 ± 7% using the APEX-Q nebulizer), and treatment ofthe samples. In addition, we compare the SP2 method and the thermal–opticalmethod – Sunset organic carbon (OC) / elemental carbon (EC) aerosol analyzerwith EUSAAR2 protocol – using snow and firn samples with differentcharacteristics from the Greenland Summit, the French Alps, the Caucasus,and the Himalayas. Careful investigation was undertaken of analyticalartifacts that potentially affect both methods. The SP2-based rBCquantification may be underestimated when the SP2 detection range does notcover correctly the existing size distribution of the sample.Thermal–optical EC measurements can be underestimated by low filtrationefficiency of quartz fiber filter before analysis or dust properties (concentration and type), andoverestimated by pyrolyzed OC artifacts during EC analysis.These results underline the need for careful assessment of the analyticaltechnique and procedure for correct data interpretation

Refractory black carbon mass concentrations in snow and ice: method evaluation and inter-comparison with elemental carbon measurement