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Over the last few years fast-sampling ultraviolet (UV) imaging cameras havebeen developed for use in measuring SO2 emissions from industrial sources(e.g. power plants; typical emission rates ~ 1–10 kg s−1) andnatural sources (e.g. volcanoes; typical emission rates~ 10–100 kg s−1). Generally, measurements have been made fromsources rich in SO2 with high concentrations and emission rates. In thiswork, for the first time, a UV camera has been used to measure the much lowerconcentrations and emission rates of SO2 (typical emission rates~ 0.01–0.1 kg s−1) in the plumes from moving and stationaryships. Some innovations and trade-offs have been made so that estimates ofthe emission rates and path concentrations can be retrieved in real time.Field experiments were conducted at Kongsfjord in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard,where SO2 emissions from cruise ships were made, and at the port ofRotterdam, Netherlands, measuring emissions from more than 10 differentcontainer and cargo ships. In all cases SO2 path concentrations could beestimated and emission rates determined by measuring ship plume speedssimultaneously using the camera, or by using surface wind speed data from anindependent source. Accuracies were compromised in some cases because of thepresence of particulates in some ship emissions and the restriction ofsingle-filter UV imagery, a requirement for fast-sampling (> 10 Hz) froma single camera. Despite the ease of use and ability to determine SO2emission rates from the UV camera system, the limitation in accuracy andprecision suggest that the system may only be used under rather idealcircumstances and that currently the technology needs further development toserve as a method to monitor ship emissions for regulatory purposes. Adual-camera system or a single, dual-filter camera is required in order toproperly correct for the effects of particulates in ship plumes

Measuring SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ship emissions with an ultraviolet imaging camera

Measuring SO<sub>2</sub> ship emissions with an ultraviolet imaging camera