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We evaluate the performance of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and the Integrating  Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer (ISSW) in quantifying the concentration of  refractory black carbon (BC) in snow samples. We find that the SP2 can be used to measure BC mass  concentration in snow with substantially larger uncertainty (60%) than for atmospheric  sampling (<30%). Achieving this level of accuracy requires careful assessment of nebulizer  performance and SP2 calibration with consideration of the fact that BC in snow can exist in larger  sizes than typically observed in the atmosphere. Once these issues are addressed, the SP2 is able  to measure the size distribution and mass concentration of BC in the snow. Laboratory comparison  of the SP2 and the ISSW revealed  significant biases in the estimate of BC concentration from the ISSW when test samples contained  dust or non-absorbing particulates. These results suggest that current estimates of BC mass  concentration in snow or ice formed from fallen snow using either the SP2 or the ISSW may be associated with significant  underestimates of uncertainty

atmospheric measurement techniques

Assessing Single Particle Soot Photometer and Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich Spectrophotometer measurement techniques for quantifying black carbon concentration in snow