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. A dual thermistor radiosonde (DTR) comprising two(aluminium-coated and black) sensors with different emissivities wasdeveloped to correct the effects of solar radiation on temperature probesbased on in situ radiation measurements. Herein, the DTR performance ischaracterised in terms of the uncertainty via a series of ground-basedfacilities and an intercomparison radiosounding test. The DTRcharacterisation procedure using laboratory facilities is as follows:individually calibrate the temperature of the thermistors in a climatechamber from −70 to 30 ∘C to evaluate the uncertainty of rawtemperature measurement before radiation correction; test the effect oftemperature on the resistance reading using radiosonde boards in the climatechamber from −70 to 20 ∘C to identify a potential source of errorsowing to the boards, especially at cold temperatures; individually performradiation tests on thermistors at room temperature to investigate the degree of heating of aluminium-coated and black sensors (the average ratio = 1 : 2.4) and use the result for obtaining unit-specific radiation correctionformulas; and perform parameterisation of the radiation measurement andcorrection formulas with five representative pairs of sensors in terms oftemperature, pressure, ventilation speed, and irradiance using an upper airsimulator. These results are combined and applied to the DTR sounding testconducted in July 2021. Thereafter, the effective irradiance is measuredusing the temperature difference between the aluminium-coated and blacksensors of the DTR. The measured irradiance is then used for the radiationcorrection of the DTR aluminium-coated sensor. The radiation-correctedtemperature of the DTR is mostly consistent with that of a commercialradiosonde (Vaisala, RS41) within the expanded uncertainty(∼ 0.35 ∘C) of the DTR at the coverage factor k = 2. Furthermore, thecomponents contributing to the uncertainty of the radiation measurement andcorrection are analysed. The DTR methodology can improve the accuracy oftemperature measurement in the upper air within the framework of thetraceability to the International System of Units.

Laboratory characterisation and intercomparison sounding test of dual thermistor radiosondes for radiation correction