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. A new regulatory standard for non-volatile particulatematter (nvPM) mass-based emissions from aircraft engines has beenadopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation. One of theinstruments used for the regulatory nvPM mass emissions measurements inaircraft engine certification tests is the Artium Technologies LII 300,which is based on laser-induced incandescence. The LII 300 response has beenshown in some cases to vary with the type of black carbon particle measured.Hence it is important to identify a suitable black carbon emission sourcefor instrument calibration. In this study, the relationship between the nvPMemissions produced by different engine sources and the response of the LII 300 instrument utilising the auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence(AC-LII) method was investigated. Six different sources were used, includinga turboshaft helicopter engine, a diesel generator, an intermediate pressuretest rig of a single-sector combustor, an auxiliary power unit gas turbineengine, a medium-sized diesel engine, and a downsized turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine. Optimum LII 300 laser fluence levels weredetermined for each source and operating condition evaluated. It was foundthat an optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements froma variety of sources, where the mass concentration was independent of laserfluence levels covering the typical operating ranges for the varioussources. However, it is important to perform laser fluence sweeps todetermine the optimum fluence range as differences were observed in thelaser fluence required between sources and fuels. We discuss themeasurement merits, variability, and best practices in the real-timequantification of nvPM mass concentration using the LII 300 instrument andcompare that with other diagnostic techniques, namely absorption-basedmethods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy (using a photoacousticextinctiometer, PAX, and a micro soot sensor, MSS) and thermal-opticalanalysis (TOA). Particle size distributions were also measured using ascanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Overall, the LII 300 providesrobust and consistent results when compared with the other diagnostictechniques across multiple engine sources and fuels. The results from thisstudy will inform the development of updated calibration protocols to ensurerepeatable and reproducible measurements of nvPM mass emissions fromaircraft engines using the LII 300.

Measurement of black carbon emissions from multiple engine and source types using laser-induced incandescence: sensitivity to laser fluence