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. An improved version of the near-real-time decision tool PARAFOG (PFG2) ispresented to retrieve pre-fog alert levels and to discriminate betweenradiation (RAD) and stratus lowering (STL) fog situations. PFG2 has twodistinct modules to monitor the physical processes involved in RAD and STLfog formation and is evaluated at European sites. The modules are based oninnovative fuzzy logic algorithms to retrieve fog alert levels (low,moderate, high) specific to RAD/STL conditions, minutes to hours prior tofog onset. The PFG2-RAD module assesses also the thickness of the fog. Boththe PFG2-RAD and PFG2-STL modules rely on the combination of visibilityobservations and automatic lidar and ceilometer (ALC) measurements. Theoverall performance of the PFG2-RAD and PFG2-STL modules is evaluated based on9 years of measurements at the SIRTA (Instrumented Site for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research) observatory near Paris and up to twofog seasons at the Paris-Roissy, Vienna, Munich, and Zurich airports. At allsites, pre-fog alert levels retrieved by PFG2 are found to be consistentwith the local weather analysis. The advanced PFG2 algorithm performs with ahit rate of about 100 % for both considered fog types and presents afalse alarm ratio on the order of 10 % (30 %) for RAD (STL) fogsituations. Finally, the first high alerts that result in a subsequent fogevent are found to occur for periods of time ranging from −120 min tofog onset, with the first high alerts occurring earlier for RAD than STL cases.

PARAFOG v2.0: a near-real-time decision tool to support nowcasting fog formation events at local scales