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. Capturing the vertical profiles and horizontal variations of atmosphericaerosols often requires accurate airborne measurements. With the advantageof avoiding health and safety concerns related to the use of butanol orother chemicals, water-based condensation particle counters have emerged toprovide measurements under various environments. However, airbornedeployments are relatively rare due to the lack of instrumentcharacterization under reduced pressure at flight altitudes. This studyinvestigates the performance of a commercial “versatile” water-based condensation particle counter (vWCPC,model 3789, TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) under various ambient pressureconditions (500–920 hPa) with a wide range of particle total numberconcentrations (1500–70 000 cm−3). The effect ofconditioner temperature on vWCPC 3789 performance at low pressure isexamined through numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. We showthat the default instrument temperature setting of 30 ∘C for theconditioner is not suitable for airborne measurement and that the optimalconditioner temperature for low-pressure operation is 27∘. Underthe optimal conditioner temperature (27∘), the 7 nm cut-off sizeis also maintained. Additionally, we show that insufficient droplet growthbecomes more significant under the low-pressure operation. The countingefficiency of the vWCPC 3789 can vary up to 20 % for particles ofdifferent chemical compositions (e.g., ammonium sulfate and sucroseparticles). However, such variation is independent of pressure.

Simulation-aided characterization of a versatile water-based condensation particle counter for atmospheric airborne research