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Abstract. The first space-based Doppler wind lidar (DWL) on boardthe Aeolus satellite was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on 22 August 2018 to obtain global profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS)wind speed. In this study, the Raleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy winds forperiods of baseline 2B02 (from 1 October to 18 December 2018) and 2B10 (from28 June to 31 December 2019 and from 20 April to 8 October 2020) werevalidated using 33 wind profilers (WPRs) installed all over Japan, twoground-based coherent Doppler wind lidars (CDWLs), and 18 GPS radiosondes(GPS-RSs). In particular, vertical and seasonal analyses were performed anddiscussed using WPR data. During the baseline 2B02 period, a positive biaswas found to be in the ranges of 0.5 to 1.7 m s−1 for Rayleigh-clearwinds and 1.6 to 2.4 m s−1 for Mie-cloudy winds using the threeindependent reference instruments. The statistical comparisons for thebaseline 2B10 period showed smaller biases, −0.8 to 0.5 m s−1 for theRayleigh-clear and −0.7 to 0.2 m s−1 for the Mie-cloudy winds. Thevertical analysis using WPR data showed that the systematic error wasslightly positive in all altitude ranges up to 11 km during the baseline2B02 period. During the baseline 2B10 period, the systematic errors ofRayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy winds were improved in all altitude ranges upto 11 km as compared with the baseline 2B02. Immediately after the launch ofAeolus, both Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy biases were small. Within thebaseline 2B02, the Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy biases showed a positivetrend. For the baseline 2B10, the Rayleigh-clear wind bias was generallynegative for all months except August 2020, and Mie-cloudy wind biasgradually fluctuated. Both Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy biases did not showa marked seasonal trend and approached zero towards September 2020. Thedependence of the Rayleigh-clear wind bias on the scattering ratio wasinvestigated, showing that there was no significant bias dependence on thescattering ratio during the baseline 2B02 and 2B10 periods. Without theestimated representativeness error associated with the comparisons using WPR observations, the Aeolus random error was determined to be 6.7 (5.1) and 6.4 (4.8) m s−1 for Rayleigh-clear (Mie-cloudy) winds during the baseline2B02 and 2B10 periods, respectively. The main reason for the large Aeolusrandom errors is the lower laser energy compared to the anticipated 80 mJ.Additionally, the large representativeness error of the WPRs is probablyrelated to the larger Aeolus random error. Using the CDWLs, the Aeolusrandom error estimates were in the range of 4.5 to 5.3 (2.9 to 3.2) and 4.8to 5.2 (3.3 to 3.4) m s−1 for Rayleigh-clear (Mie-cloudy) winds duringthe baseline 2B02 and 2B10 periods, respectively. By taking the GPS-RSrepresentativeness error into account, the Aeolus random error wasdetermined to be 4.0 (3.2) and 3.0 (2.9) m s−1 for Rayleigh-clear(Mie-cloudy) winds during the baseline 2B02 and 2B10 periods, respectively.

Validation of Aeolus Level 2B wind products using wind profilers, ground-based Doppler wind lidars, and radiosondes in Japan