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. Large microwave surface emissivities with a highly heterogeneousdistribution and the relatively small hydrometeor signal over land make itchallenging to use satellite microwave data to retrieve precipitation and tobe assimilated into numerical models. To better understand the microwaveemissivity over land surfaces, we designed and established a groundobservation system for the in situ observation of microwave emissivitiesover several typical surfaces. The major components of the system include adual-frequency polarized ground microwave radiometer, a mobile observationplatform, and auxiliary sensors to measure the surface temperature and soiltemperature and moisture; moreover, observation fields are designedcomprising five different land surfaces. Based on the observed data from the mobile system, we preliminarilyinvestigated the variations in the surface microwave emissivity overdifferent land surfaces. The results show that the horizontally polarizedemissivity is more sensitive to land surface variability than thevertically polarized emissivity is: the former decreases to 0.75 over cementand increases to 0.90 over sand and bare soil and up to 0.97 over grass. Thecorresponding emissivity polarization difference is obvious over water(&gt;0.3) and cement (approximately 0.25) but reduces to 0.1 oversand and 0.05 over bare soil and almost 0.01 or close to zero over grass;this trend is similar to that of the Tb polarization difference. Atdifferent elevation angles, the horizontally/vertically polarizedemissivities over land surfaces obviously increase/slightly decrease withincreasing elevation angles but exhibit the opposite trend over water.

Ground mobile observation system for measuring multisurface microwave emissivity