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. The observing system design of multidisciplinary fieldmeasurements involves a variety of considerations on logistics, safety, andscience objectives. Typically, this is done based on investigator intuitionand designs of prior field measurements. However, there is potential forconsiderable increases in efficiency, safety, and scientific success byintegrating numerical simulations in the design process. Here, we present anovel numerical simulation–environmental response function (NS–ERF)approach to observing system simulation experiments that aidssurface–atmosphere synthesis at the interface of mesoscale and microscalemeteorology. In a case study we demonstrate application of the NS–ERFapproach to optimize the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balanceStudy Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019(CHEESEHEAD19). During CHEESEHEAD19 pre-field simulation experiments, we considered theplacement of 20 eddy covariance flux towers, operations for 72 h oflow-altitude flux aircraft measurements, and integration of various remotesensing data products. A 2 h high-resolution large eddy simulationcreated a cloud-free virtual atmosphere for surface and meteorologicalconditions characteristic of the field campaign domain and period. Toexplore two specific design hypotheses we super-sampled this virtualatmosphere as observed by 13 different yet simultaneous observing systemdesigns consisting of virtual ground, airborne, and satellite observations.We then analyzed these virtual observations through ERFs to yield an optimalaircraft flight strategy for augmenting a stratified random flux towernetwork in combination with satellite retrievals. We demonstrate how the novel NS–ERF approach doubled CHEESEHEAD19'spotential to explore energy balance closure and spatial patterning scienceobjectives while substantially simplifying logistics. Owing to its modularextensibility, NS–ERF lends itself to optimizing observing system designs alsofor natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban airquality, industry leak detection, and multi-species applications, among otheruse cases.

Novel approach to observing system simulation experiments improves information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements