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. Reference mass spectra are routinely used to facilitate source apportionment of ambient organic aerosol (OA) measured by aerosol massspectrometers. However, source apportionment of solid-fuel-burning emissions can be complicated by the use of different fuels, stoves, and burningconditions. In this study, the organic aerosol mass spectra produced from burning a range of solid fuels in several heating stoves have beencompared using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). The same samples of biomass briquettes and smokeless coal were burnt in a conventional stoveand Ecodesign stove (Ecodesign refers to a stove conforming to EU Directive 2009/125/EC), while different batches of wood, peat, and smoky coal were also burnt in the conventional stove, and the OA mass spectrawere compared to those previously obtained using a boiler stove. The results show that although certain ions (e.g., m/z 60) remain important markersfor solid-fuel burning, the peak intensities obtained at specific m/z values in the normalized mass spectra were not constant with variationsranging from   100 %. Using the OA mass spectra of peat, wood, and coal as anchoring profiles and the variation of individualm/z values for the upper/lower limits (the limits approach) in the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis with the Multilinear Enginealgorithm (ME-2), the respective contributions of these fuels to ambient submicron aerosols during a winter period in Dublin, Ireland, were evaluated andcompared with the conventional a-value approach. The ME-2 solution was stable for the limits approach with uncertainties in the range of2 %–7 %, while relatively large uncertainties (8 %–29 %) were found for the a-value approach. Nevertheless, both approachesshowed good agreement overall, with the burning of peat (39 % vs. 41 %) and wood (14 % vs. 11 %) accounting for the majority ofambient organic aerosol during polluted evenings, despite their small uses compared to electricity and gas. This study, thus, accounts for thesource variability in ME-2 modelling and provides better constraints on the primary factor contributions to the ambient organic aerosolestimations. The finding from this study has significant implications for public health and policymakers considering that it is often the case thatdifferent batches of solid fuels are often burnt in different stoves in real-world applications.

On the use of reference mass spectra for reducing uncertainty in source apportionment of solid-fuel burning in ambient organic aerosol