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. The aim of this paper is to present the Monte Carlo code McRALI thatprovides simulations under multiple-scattering regimes of polarized high-spectral-resolution (HSR) lidar and Doppler radar observations fora three-dimensional (3D) cloudy atmosphere. The effects of nonuniform beamfilling (NUBF) on HSR lidar and Doppler radar signals related to theEarthCARE mission are investigated with the help of an academic 3Dbox cloud characterized by a single isolated jump in cloud optical depth,assuming vertically constant wind velocity. Regarding Doppler radar signals,it is confirmed that NUBF induces a severe bias in velocity estimates. Thecorrelation of the NUBF bias of Doppler velocity with the horizontalgradient of reflectivity shows a correlation coefficient value around 0.15 m s−1 (dBZ km-1)-1, close to that given in the scientificliterature. Regarding HSR lidar signals, we confirm that multiple-scatteringprocesses are not negligible. We show that NUBF effects on molecular,particulate, and total attenuated backscatter are mainly due to unresolvedvariability of cloud inside the receiver field of view and, to a lesserextent, to the horizontal photon transport. This finding gives some insightinto the reliability of lidar signal modeling using independent columnapproximation (ICA).

McRALI: a Monte Carlo high-spectral-resolution lidar and Doppler radar simulator for three-dimensional cloudy atmosphere remote sensing