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. Atmospheric aerosols play a crucial role in regional radiativebudgets. Previous studies on clear-sky aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) have mainly been limited to site-scale observations or modelsimulations for short-term cases, and long-term distributions of ADRF inChina have not been portrayed yet. In this study, an accurate fine-resolutionADRF estimate at the surface was proposed. Multiplatform datasets, includingsatellite (MODIS aboard Terra and Aqua) and reanalysis datasets, served asinputs to the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART)model for ADRF simulation with consideration of the aerosol vertical profileover eastern China during 2000–2016. Specifically, single-scattering albedo(SSA) from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research andApplication, Version 2 (MERRA-2) was validated with sun photometers over easternChina. The gridded asymmetry parameter (ASY) was then simulated by matchingthe calculated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes from the radiativetransfer model with satellite observations (Clouds and the Earth's RadiantEnergy System, CERES). The high correlation and small discrepancy (6–8 W m −2 ) between simulated and observed radiative fluxes at three sites(Baoshan, Fuzhou, and Yong'an) indicated that ADRF retrieval is feasible andhas high accuracy over eastern China. Then this method was applied in each gridof eastern China, and the overall picture of ADRF distributions over eastern Chinaduring 2000–2016 was displayed. ADRF ranges from −220 to −20  W m −2 , andannual mean ADRF is −100.21  W m −2 , implying that aerosols have a strongcooling effect at the surface in eastern China. With the economic developmentand rapid urbanization, the spatiotemporal changes of ADRF during the past 17 years are mainly attributed to the changes of anthropogenic emissions ineastern China. Our method provides the long-term ADRF distribution over easternChina for the first time, highlighting the importance of aerosol radiativeimpact under climate change.

Retrieval of gridded aerosol direct radiative forcing based on multiplatform datasets