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Abstract. Due to technical and cost limitations, the monitoring ofemissions from ships sailing in open water within ship emission controlareas (ECAs) is relatively rare. The present study adopts a monitoringmethod involving an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off from apatrol boat to measure the concentrations of SO2 and CO2 withinthe plumes of sailing ships. Our method aims to provide a low-cost, remoteapproach for estimating the fuel sulfur content (FSC) of sailing ships inopen water, which overcomes the limitations of ground-based and small-aircraft-based methods. The selected monitoring area was the Yangtze Riverestuary, a domestic ECA with an FSC limit of 0.5 % ( m∕m ) implemented bythe Chinese government. A total of 27 sailing ships were monitored, 12 ofwhich were found to have an FSC of >0.5  % ( m∕m ). Moreover, theFSCs of the sailing ships were found to be higher than those of berthingships in the study area. Based upon the online monitoring results, four ofthe monitored ships were intercepted by maritime law enforcement, andfuel samples were collected and analyzed in a laboratory; the resultsconfirmed that all four FSCs were >0.5  % ( m∕m ). Among them,one offending ship was tracked down on 15 July 2019; this was the firsttime that a sailing ship had been caught for having failed the FSCregulations in China. Overall, the present study provides scientific supportfor evaluating the effectiveness of ECA policies and recommends thatemissions from sailing ships be monitored more often in openwater in the future.

atmospheric measurement techniques

Monitoring the compliance of sailing ships with fuel sulfur content regulations using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) measurements of ship emissions in open water