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. Atmospheric flask samples are either collected at atmospheric pressure by opening a valve of a pre-evacuated flask orpressurized with the help of a pump to a few bar above ambient pressure.Under humid conditions, there is a risk that water vapor in the sampleleads to condensation on the walls of the flask, notably at higher thanambient sampling pressures. Liquid water in sample flasks is known to affectthe CO2 mixing ratios and also alters the isotopic composition ofoxygen (17O and 18O) in CO2 via isotopic equilibration.Hence, for accurate determination of CO2 mole fractions and its stableisotopic composition, it is vital to dry the air samples to a sufficientlylow dew point before they are pressurized in flasks to avoid condensation.Moreover, the drying system itself should not influence the mixing ratio andthe isotopic composition of CO2 or that of the other constituents understudy. For the Airborne Stable Isotopes of Carbon from the Amazon(ASICA) project focusing on accurate measurements of CO2 and itssingly substituted stable isotopologues over the Amazon, an air-dryingsystem capable of removing water vapor from air sampled at a dewpoint lower than −2 ∘C, flow rates up to 12 L min−1 and withoutthe need for electrical power was needed. Since to date no commercial air-dryingdevice that meets these requirements has been available, we designed and built ourown consumable-free, power-free and portable drying system based onmultitube Nafion™ gas sample driers (Perma Pure, Lakewood,USA). The required dry purge air is provided by feeding the exhaust flow ofthe flask sampling system through a dry molecular sieve (type 3A)cartridge. In this study we describe the systematic evaluation of ourNafion™-based air sample dryer with emphasis on itsperformance concerning the measurements of atmospheric CO2 molefractions and the three singly substituted isotopologues of CO2(16O13C16O, 16O12C17O and16O12C18O), as well as the trace gas species CH4, CO, N2O and SF6. Experimental results simulating extreme tropical conditions (saturated air at 33 ∘C) indicated that the response of the air dryer is almost instantaneous and that approximately 85 L of air, containing up to 4 % water vapor, can be processed staying below a −2 ∘C dew point temperature (at 275 kPa). We estimated that at leasteight flasks can be sampled (at an overpressure of 275 kPa) with a water vapor content below −2 ∘C dew point temperature during a typical flight sampling up to 5 km altitude over the Amazon, whereas the remainingsamples would stay well below 5 ∘C dew point temperature (at 275 kPa). The performance of the air dryer on measurements of CO2,CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 and the CO2 isotopologues 16O13C16O and 16O12C18O was tested inthe laboratory simulating real sampling conditions by compressing humidifiedair from a calibrated cylinder, after being dried by the air dryer, intosample flasks. We found that the mole fraction and the isotopiccomposition difference between the different test conditions(including the dryer) and the base condition (dry air, without dryer)remained well within or very close to, in the case of N2O, the World Meteorological Organizationrecommended compatibility goals for independent measurement programs,proving that the test condition induced no significant bias on the samplemeasurements.

atmospheric measurement techniques

Evaluation of a field-deployable Nafion™-based air-drying system for collecting whole air samples and its application to stable isotope measurements of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;