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. The BASIL Raman lidar system entered theInternational Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change(NDACC) in 2012. Since then, measurements have been carried out routinely on aweekly basis. This paper reports specific measurement results from thiseffort, with a dedicated focus on temperature and water vapour profilemeasurements. The main objective of this research effort is to provide acharacterisation of the system performance. The results illustrated in thispublication demonstrate the ability of BASIL to perform measurements of thetemperature profile up to 50 km and of the water vapour mixing ratio profileup to 15 km, when considering an integration time of 2 h and a verticalresolution of 150–600 m; the mean measurement accuracy, determined based oncomparisons with simultaneous and co-located radiosondes, is 0.1 K (for the temperature profile) and 0.1 g kg −1  (for the water vapour mixing ratio profile) up to the upper troposphere. The relative humidityprofiling capability up to the tropopause is also demonstrated by combiningsimultaneous temperature and water vapour profile measurements.   Raman lidar measurements are compared with measurements from additionalinstruments, such as radiosondes and satellite sensors (IASI and AIRS),as well as with model reanalyses data (ECMWF and ECMWF-ERA). We focused ourattention on six case studies collected during the first 2 years of system operation (November 2013–October 2015). Comparisons betweenBASIL and the different sensor/model data in terms of the water vapour mixingratio indicate biases in the altitudinal interval between 2 and 15 km that are always within  ±1  g kg −1  (or  ±50  %), with minimum valuesbeing observed in the comparison between BASIL and radiosonde measurements ( ±20  %up to 15 km). Results also indicate a vertically averaged mean mutual biasof  −0.026  g kg −1  (or  −3.8  %), 0.263 g kg −1  (or 30.0 %), 0.361 g kg −1  (or 23.5 %),  −0.297  g kg −1  (or  −25  %) and  −0.296  g kg −1  (or  −29.6  %) when comparing BASIL with radiosondes, IASI,AIRS, ECMWF and ECMWF-ERA respectively. The vertically averaged mean absolutemutual biases are somewhat higher, i.e. 0.05 g kg −1 (or 16.7 %), 0.39 g kg −1  (or 23.0 %), 0.57 g kg −1  (or 23.5 %), 0.32 g kg −1 (or 29.6 %) and 0.52 g kg −1  (or 53.3 %), when comparing BASIL withradiosondes, IASI, AIRS, ECMWF and ECMWF-ERA respectively. The comparisons in terms of temperature measurements indicatemutual biases in the altitudinal interval between 3 and 30 km that are always within ±3  K, with minimum values being observed in the comparison between BASILand radiosonde measurements ( ±2  K within this same altitudinal interval). Resultsalso reveal mutual biases within  ±3  K up to 50 km for mostsensor/model pairs. Furthermore, a vertically averaged mean mutualbias of −0.03 , 0.21, 1.95, 0.14 and 0.43 K is found between BASIL and the radiosondes, IASI, AIRS, ECMWF and ECMWF-ERA respectively. The vertically averaged absolutemean mutual biases between BASIL and the radiosondes, IASI, AIRS, ECMWF andECMWF-ERA are 1.28, 1.30, 3.50, 1.76 and 1.63 K respectively. Based on theavailable dataset and benefiting from the fact that the BASIL Raman lidar could be compared with all other sensor/model data, it was possible toestimate the overall bias of all sensors/datasets:  −0.04  g kg −1  ∕  0.19 K, 0.20 g kg −1  ∕  0.22 K,  −0.31  g kg −1  ∕  −0.02  K,  −0.40  g kg −1  ∕  −1.76  K, 0.25 g kg −1  ∕  0.04 K and 0.25 g kg −1  ∕  −0.24  Kfor the water vapour mixing ratio/temperature profile  measurements carriedout by BASIL, the radiosondes, IASI, AIRS, ECMWF and ECMWF-ERA respectively.

Temperature and water vapour measurements in the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC)