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. Low-cost particulate mass sensors provide opportunitiesto assess air quality at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions.Established traditional monitoring networks have limited spatial resolutionand are simply absent in many major cities across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Satellites provide snapshots of regional air pollution but requireground-truthing. Low-cost monitors can supplement and extend data coveragefrom these sources worldwide, providing a better overall air qualitypicture. We investigate the utility of such a multi-source data integrationapproach using two case studies. First, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, bothtraditional monitoring and dense low-cost sensor networks are compared withsatellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from NASA's MODIS system, and alinear conversion factor is developed to convert AOD to surface fineparticulate matter mass concentration (as PM 2.5 ). With 10 or moreground monitors in Pittsburgh, there is a 2-fold reduction in surfacePM 2.5 estimation mean absolute error compared to using only a singleground monitor. Second, we assess the ability of combined regional-scalesatellite retrievals and local-scale low-cost sensor measurements to improvesurface PM 2.5 estimation at several urban sites in SSA. In Rwanda, wefind that combining local ground monitoring information with satellite dataprovides a 40 % improvement in surface PM 2.5 estimation accuracy withrespect to using low-cost ground monitoring data alone. A linear AOD-to-surface-PM 2.5 conversion factor developed in Kigali, Rwanda, did notgeneralize well to other parts of SSA and varied seasonally for the samelocation, emphasizing the need for ongoing and localized ground-basedmonitoring, which can be facilitated by low-cost sensors. Overall, we findthat combining ground-based low-cost sensor and satellite data, even withoutincluding additional meteorological or land use information, can improve andexpand spatiotemporal air quality data coverage, especially in data-sparseregions.

atmospheric measurement techniques

Application of low-cost fine particulate mass monitors to convert satellite aerosol optical depth to surface concentrations in North America and Africa