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. Several satellites have been launched to monitor theincreasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, through backscattered hyperspectral radiance in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. The vertical profiles of greenhouse gases and aerosols could strongly affect the results from these instruments. To investigate the effects of the vertical distribution of CO2 on the uncertainty of SWIR satellite retrieval results, we conducted observations of the vertical profiles of CO2 , CH4 and aerosol particles at 0.6–7 km above sea level using a Beechcraft King Air 350ER in Jiansanjiang (46.77 ∘  N, 131.99 ∘  E), Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, on 7–12 August 2018. The profiles from this aircraft captured a decrease in CO2 from 2 km to the minimum altitude due to the absorptionof vegetation at the surface in summer. CH4 measurements showed about a0.2 ppm increase from 2.0 to 0.6 km on 10 August, which may result fromemissions from the large area of paddy fields below, and a constant molefraction between 1.951 and 1.976 ppm was recorded at 2 km and above. Comparison of CO2 profiles from a new version of thecarbon cycle data assimilation system Tan-Tracker (v1), retrievals fromOCO-2 and aircraft measurements was conducted. The results from OCO-2 andthe assimilation model system Tan-Tracker captured the vertical structure of CO2 above 3 km, whereas below 3 km the values from OCO-2 andthe Tan-Tracker model were lower than those from in situ measurements.Column-averaged CO2 volume mole fractions calculated from in situmeasurements showed biases of - 4.68 ± 0.44  ppm ( - 1.18 ± 0.11 % ) compared to OCO-2 retrievals.

atmospheric measurement techniques

In situ measurement of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; from aircraft over northeast China and comparison with OCO-2 data