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. We here present results from an evaluation of the Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility (ROM SAF) gridded monthly mean climate data record (CDR v1.0),based on Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data from the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload), GRACE (Gravity Recovery andClimate Experiment), COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate),and Metop satellite missions.Systematic differences between RO missions, as well as differences of RO data relative to ERA-Interimreanalysis data, are quantified. The methods used to generate gridded monthly mean data are described, andthe correction of monthly mean RO climatologies for sampling errors, which is essential forcombining data from RO missions with different sampling characteristics, is evaluated. We find good overall agreement between the ROM SAF gridded monthly mean CDR and the ERA-Interim reanalysis,particularly in the 8–30 km height interval. Here, the differences largely reflect time-varying biasesin ERA-Interim, suggesting that the RO data record has a better long-term stability thanERA-Interim. Above 30–40 km altitude, the differences are larger, particularly for the pre-COSMIC era. In the 8–30 km altitude region, the observational data record exhibits a high degree ofinternal consistency between the RO satellite missions, allowing us to combine data intomulti-mission records.For global mean bending angle, the consistency is better than 0.04 %, for refractivity it is better than 0.05 %, and for global meandry temperature the consistency is better than 0.15 K in this height interval. At altitudesup to 40 km, these numbers increaseto 0.08 %, 0.11 %, and 0.50 K, respectively. The numbers can be up to a factor of 2 larger for certain latitudebands compared to global means. Below about 8 km, the RO mission differences are larger, reducing the possibilitiesto generate multi-mission data records.We also find that the residual sampling errors are about one-third of the original and that they include a componentmost likely related to diurnal or semi-diurnal cycles.

Evaluation of the 15-year ROM SAF monthly mean GPS radio occultation climate data record