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. Ground-based radar observations show that, over the eastern North Atlantic,50 % of warm marine boundary layer (WMBL) hydrometeors occur below 1.2 kmand have reflectivities of &lt; −17 dBZ, thus making their detection fromspace susceptible to the extent of surface clutter and radar sensitivity. Surface clutter limits the ability of the CloudSat cloud profiling radar (CPR) toobserve the true cloud base in ∼52 % of the cloudy columns itdetects and true virga base in ∼80 %, meaning theCloudSat CPR often provides an incomplete view of even the clouds it doesdetect. Using forward simulations, we determine that a 250 m resolutionradar would most accurately capture the boundaries of WMBL clouds andprecipitation; that being said, because of sensitivity limitations, such aradar would suffer from cloud cover biases similar to those of theCloudSat CPR. Observations and forward simulations indicate that the CloudSat CPRfails to detect 29 %–43 % of the cloudy columns detected by ground-basedsensors. Out of all configurations tested, the 7 dB more sensitiveEarthCARE CPR performs best (only missing 9.0 % of cloudy columns)indicating that improving radar sensitivity is more important thandecreasing the vertical extent of surface clutter for measuring cloud cover.However, because 50 % of WMBL systems are thinner than 400 m, they tend tobe artificially stretched by long sensitive radar pulses, hence theEarthCARE CPR overestimation of cloud top height and hydrometeor fraction. Thus, it is recommended that the next generation of space-borne radarstargeting WMBL science should operate interlaced pulse modes including both ahighly sensitive long-pulse mode and a less sensitive but clutter-limitingshort-pulse mode.

Mind the gap – Part 1: Accurately locating warm marine boundary layer clouds and precipitation using spaceborne radars