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. In this work we present evidence that quasi-cyclical perturbations in totalozone (quasi-biennial oscillation – QBO, El Nino–Southern Oscillation –ENSO, and North Atlantic Oscillation – NAO) can be used as independent proxies inevaluating Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) 2 aboard MetOp A(GOME-2A)satellite total ozone data, using ground-based (GB) measurements, other satellitedata, and chemical transport model calculations. The analysis is performed inthe frame of the validation strategy on longer time scales within theEuropean Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites(EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric CompositionMonitoring (AC SAF) project, covering the period 2007–2016. Comparison ofGOME-2A total ozone with ground observations shows mean differences of about - 0.7 ± 1.4  % in the tropics (0–30 ∘ ), about + 0.1 ± 2.1  % in the mid-latitudes (30–60 ∘ ), and about + 2.5 ± 3.2  % and 0.0±4.3  % over the northern and southern high latitudes (60–80 ∘ ), respectively. In general, we find that GOME-2A total ozone data depictthe QBO–ENSO–NAOnatural fluctuations in concurrence with the co-located solarbackscatter ultraviolet radiometer (SBUV), GOME-type Total Ozone EssentialClimate Variable (GTO-ECV; composed of total ozone observations from GOME, SCIAMACHY – SCanning Imaging AbsorptionSpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY, GOME-2A, and OMI – ozonemonitoring instrument, combined into one homogeneous time series), andground-based observations. Total ozone from GOME-2A is well correlatedwith the QBO (highest correlation in the tropics of + 0.8) in agreement withSBUV, GTO-ECV, and GB data which also give the highest correlation in thetropics. The differences between deseazonalized GOME-2A and GB total ozone inthe tropics are within ±1  %. These differences were tested furtheras to their correlations with the QBO. The differences had practically no QBOsignal, providing an independent test of the stability of the long-termvariability of the satellite data. Correlations between GOME-2A total ozoneand the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were studied over the tropicalPacific Ocean after removing seasonal, QBO, and solar-cycle-relatedvariability. Correlations between ozone and the SOI are on the order of + 0.5,consistent with SBUV and GB observations. Differences between GOME-2A and GBmeasurements at the station of Samoa (American Samoa; 14.25 ∘  S,170.6 ∘  W) are within ±1.9  %. We also studied the impact of the NAOon total ozone in the northern mid-latitudes in winter. We find very goodagreement between GOME-2A and GB observations over Canada and Europe as totheir NAO-related variability, with mean differences reaching the ±1  % levels. The agreement and small differences which were found betweenthe independently produced total ozone datasets as to the influence of the QBO, ENSO, and NAO show the importance of these climatological proxies asadditional tool for monitoring the long-term stability of satellite–ground-truthbiases.

The use of QBO, ENSO, and NAO perturbations in the evaluation of GOME-2 MetOp A total ozone measurements