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. Given that thescattering of sunlight by the Earth's atmosphere above 30–35 km isprimarily due to molecular Rayleigh scattering, the intensity of scatteredphotons can be assumed to be directly proportional to the atmosphericdensity. From the measured relative density profile it is possible toretrieve an absolute temperature profile by assuming local hydrostaticequilibrium, the perfect gas law, and an a priori temperature from aclimatological model at the top of the atmosphere. This technique has beenapplied to Rayleigh lidar observations for over 35 years. The GOMOS staroccultation spectrometer includes spectral channels used to observe daytimelimb scattered sunlight along the line of sight to a reference star. GOMOSRayleigh scattering profiles in the spectral range of 420–480 nm have beenused to retrieve temperature profiles between 35 and 85 km with a 2 kmvertical resolution. Using this technique, a database of more than309 000 temperature profiles has been created from GOMOS measurements. A global climatology was constructed using the new GOMOS database and iscompared to an external model. In the upper stratosphere, the external modelis based on the ECMWF reanalysis and the agreement with GOMOS is betterthan 2 K. In the mesosphere the external model follows the MSIS climatologyand 5 to 10 K differences are observed with respect to the GOMOStemperature profiles. Comparisons to night-time collocated Rayleigh lidarprofiles above the south of France show some vertical structured temperaturedifferences, which may be partially explained by the contributions of thethermal diurnal tide. The equatorial temperature series shows clear examples of mesosphericinversion layers in the temperature profiles. The inversion layers haveglobal longitudinal extension and temporal evolution, descending from 80 to70 km over the course of a month. The climatology shows a semi-annualtemperature variation in the upper stratosphere, a stratopause altitudevarying between 47 and 54 km, and an annual variation in the temperatures ofthe mesosphere. The technique that derive temperature profiles from Rayleighlimb scattering can be applied to any other limb-scatter sounder, providingthat the observations are in the spectral range 350–500 nm. Due to thesimplicity of the principles involved, this technique is also a goodcandidate for a future missions where constellations of small satellites aredeployed.

A new MesosphEO data set of temperature profiles from 35 to 85 km using Rayleigh scattering at limb from GOMOS/ENVISAT daytime observations