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. Ice formation in the atmosphere is important for regulating cloud lifetime, Earth's radiative balance and initiating precipitation. Due to the difference in the saturation vapor pressure over ice and water, in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), ice will grow at the expense of supercooled cloud droplets. As such, MPCs, which contain both supercooled liquid and ice, are particularly susceptible to ice formation. However, measuring and quantifying the concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) responsible for ice formation at temperatures associated with MPCs ischallenging due to their very low concentrations in the atmosphere(∼1 in 105 at −30 ∘C). Atmospheric INP concentrations vary over several orders of magnitude at a single temperature and strongly increase as temperature approaches the homogeneous freezing threshold of water. To further quantify the INP concentration in nature and perform systematic laboratory studies to increase the understanding of the properties responsible for ice nucleation, a new drop-freezing instrument,the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich), is developed. The instrument is based on the design of previous drop-freezing assays and uses a USBcamera to automatically detect freezing in a 96-well tray cooled in anethanol chilled bath with a user-friendly and fully automated analysisprocedure. Based on an in-depth characterization of DRINCZ, we develop a newmethod for quantifying and correcting temperature biases across drop-freezing assays. DRINCZ is further validated performing NX-illiteexperiments, which compare well with the literature. The temperatureuncertainty in DRINCZ was determined to be ±0.9 ∘C.Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of DRINCZ by measuring andanalyzing field-collected snow samples during an evolving synoptic situationin the Austrian Alps. The field samples fall within previously observedranges for cumulative INP concentrations and show a dependence on air massorigin and upstream precipitation amount.

Development of the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ): validation and application to field-collected snow samples