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. Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) instrumentscharacterize the composition of individual aerosol particles in real time.Their fundamental ability to differentiate the externally mixed particletypes that constitute the atmospheric aerosol population enables a uniqueperspective into sources and transformation. However, quantitativemeasurements by SPMS systems are inherently problematic. We introduce a newtechnique that combines collocated measurements of aerosol composition bySPMS and size-resolved absolute particle concentrations on aircraftplatforms. Quantitative number, surface area, volume, and massconcentrations are derived for climate-relevant particle types such asmineral dust, sea salt, and biomass burning smoke. Additionally, relativeion signals are calibrated to derive mass concentrations of internally mixedsulfate and organic material that are distributed across multiple particletypes. The NOAA Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrumentmeasures size-resolved aerosol chemical composition from aircraft. Wedescribe the identification and quantification of nine major atmosphericparticle classes, including sulfate–organic–nitrate mixtures, biomassburning, elemental carbon, sea salt, mineral dust, meteoric material, alkalisalts, heavy fuel oil combustion, and a remainder class. Classes can besub-divided as necessary based on chemical heterogeneity, accumulatedsecondary material during aging, or other atmospheric processing.Concentrations are derived for sizes that encompass the accumulation andcoarse size modes. A statistical error analysis indicates that particleclass concentrations can be determined within a few minutes for abundancesabove ∼10 ng m−3. Rare particle types require longersampling times. We explore the instrumentation requirements and the limitations of themethod for airborne measurements. Reducing the size resolution of theparticle data increases time resolution with only a modest increase inuncertainty. The principal limiting factor to fast time responseconcentration measurements is statistically relevant sampling across thesize range of interest, in particular, sizes D &lt; 0.2 µm foraccumulation-mode studies and D &gt; 2 µm for coarse-modeanalysis. Performance is compared to other airborne and ground-basedcomposition measurements, and examples of atmospheric mineral dustconcentrations are given. The wealth of information afforded bycomposition-resolved size distributions for all major aerosol typesrepresents a new and powerful tool to characterize atmospheric aerosolproperties in a quantitative fashion.

A new method to quantify mineral dust and other aerosol species from aircraft platforms using single-particle mass spectrometry