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. Air pollution from ship exhaust gas can be reduced by theestablishment of emission control areas (ECAs). Efficient supervision ofship emissions is currently a major concern of maritime authorities. In thisstudy, a measurement system for exhaust gas from ships based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was designed and developed. Sensors were mounted on the UAVto measure the concentrations of SO2 and CO2 in order to calculatethe fuel sulfur content (FSC) of ships. The Waigaoqiao port in the YangtzeRiver Delta, an ECA in China, was selected for monitoring compliance withFSC regulations. Unlike in situ or airborne measurements, the proposedmeasurement system could be used to determine the smoke plume at about 5 mfrom the funnel mouth of ships, thus providing a means for estimating theFSC of ships. In order to verify the accuracy of these measurements, fuelsamples were collected at the same time and sent to the laboratory forchemical examination, and these two types of measurements were compared.After 23 comparative experiments, the results showed that, in general, thedeviation of the estimated value for FSC was less than 0.03 % (m/m) at anFSC level ranging from 0.035 % (m/m) to 0.24 % (m/m). Hence, UAVmeasurements can be used for monitoring of ECAs for compliance with FSCregulations.

Monitoring of compliance with fuel sulfur content regulations through unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) measurements of ship emissions