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. The Southern Ocean (south of 30 ∘  S) is a key global-scale sink ofcarbon dioxide ( CO2 ). However, the isolated and inhospitable natureof this environment has restricted the number of oceanic and atmospheric CO2 measurements in this region. This has limited the scientificcommunity's ability to investigate trends and seasonal variability of thesink. Compared to regions further north, the near-absence of terrestrial CO2 exchange and strong large-scale zonal mixing demands unusualinter-site measurement precision to help distinguish the presence ofmidlatitude to high latitude ocean exchange from large CO2 fluxestransported southwards in the atmosphere. Here we describe a continuous, insitu, ultra-high-precision Southern Ocean region CO2 record, whichran at Macquarie Island (54 ∘ 37 ′  S, 158 ∘ 52 ′  E) from 2005to 2016 using a LoFlo2 instrument, along with its calibration strategy,uncertainty analysis and baseline filtering procedures. Uncertainty estimatescalculated for minute and hourly frequency data range from 0.01 to0.05  µmol mol−1 depending on the averaging period andapplication. Higher precisions are applicable when comparing Macquarie IslandLoFlo measurements to those of similar instruments on the same internallaboratory calibration scale and more uncertain values are applicable whencomparing to other networks. Baseline selection is designed to remove measurements that are influenced bylocal Macquarie Island CO2 sources, with effective removal achievedusing a within-minute CO2 standard deviation metric. Additionally,measurements that are influenced by CO2 fluxes from Australia orother Southern Hemisphere land masses are effectively removed usingmodel-simulated radon concentration. A comparison with flask records ofatmospheric CO2 at Macquarie Island highlights the limitation of theflask record (due to corrections for storage time and limited temporalcoverage) when compared to the new high-precision, continuous record: the newrecord shows much less noisy seasonal variations than the flask record. Assuch, this new record is ideal for improving our understanding of the spatialand temporal variability of the Southern Ocean CO2 flux, particularlywhen combined with data from similar instruments at other SouthernHemispheric locations.

The Macquarie Island (LoFlo2G) high-precision continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide record