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. The objective of this paper and its companion (Wing et al., 2018) is to showthat ground-based lidar temperatures are a stable, accurate, and precisedata set for use in validating satellite temperatures at high verticalresolution. Long-term lidar observations of the middle atmosphere have beenconducted at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), located in southernFrance (43.93∘ N, 5.71∘ E), since 1978. Making use of20 years of high-quality co-located lidar measurements, we have shown thatlidar temperatures calculated using the Rayleigh technique at 532 nm arestatistically identical to lidar temperatures calculated from thenon-absorbing 355 nm channel of a differential absorption lidar (DIAL)system. This result is of interest to members of the Network for theDetection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) ozone lidar communityseeking to produce validated temperature products. Additionally, we haveaddressed previously published concerns of lidar–satellite relative warm biasin comparisons of upper-mesospheric and lower-thermospheric (UMLT)temperature profiles. We detail a data treatment algorithm which minimizesknown errors due to data selection procedures, a priori choices, andinitialization parameters inherent in the lidar retrieval. Our algorithmresults in a median cooling of the lidar-calculated absolute temperatureprofile by 20 K at 90 km altitude with respect to the standard OHPNDACC lidar temperature algorithm. The confidence engendered by the long-termcross-validation of two independent lidars and the improved lidar temperaturedata set is exploited in Wing et al. (2018) for use in multi-year satellitevalidations.

atmospheric measurement techniques

Lidar temperature series in the middle atmosphere as a reference data set – Part 1: Improved retrievals and a 20-year cross-validation of two co-located French lidars