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. Time series of stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapourusing 33 data sets from 15 different satellite instruments were compared inthe framework of the second SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes Andtheir Role in Climate) water vapour assessment (WAVAS-II). This comparisonaimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the typical uncertainties in theobservational database that can be considered in the future in observationaland modelling studies, e.g addressing stratospheric water vapour trends. Thetime series comparisons are presented for the three latitude bands, theAntarctic (80 ∘ –70 ∘  S), the tropics(15 ∘  S–15 ∘  N) and the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes(50 ∘ –60 ∘  N) at four different altitudes (0.1, 3, 10 and80  hPa ) covering the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The combinedtemporal coverage of observations from the 15 satellite instruments allowedthe consideration of the time period 1986–2014. In addition to thequalitative comparison of the time series, the agreement of the data sets isassessed quantitatively in the form of the spread (i.e. the differencebetween the maximum and minimum volume mixing ratios among the data sets),the (Pearson) correlation coefficient and the drift (i.e. linear changes ofthe difference between time series over time). Generally, good agreementbetween the time series was found in the middle stratosphere while largerdifferences were found in the lower mesosphere and near the tropopause.Concerning the latitude bands, the largest differences were found in theAntarctic while the best agreement was found for the tropics. From ourassessment we find that most data sets can be considered in futureobservational and modelling studies, e.g. addressing stratospheric and lowermesospheric water vapour variability and trends, if data set specificcharacteristics (e.g. drift) and restrictions (e.g. temporal and spatialcoverage) are taken into account.

The SPARC water vapour assessment II: comparison of stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour time series observed from satellites