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. A highly miniaturized limbsounder for the observation of the O2 A-band to derive temperaturesin the mesosphere and lower thermosphere is presented. The instrumentconsists of a monolithic spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS), which is ableto resolve the rotational structure of the R-branch of that band. Therelative intensities of the emission lines follow a Boltzmann distributionand the ratio of the lines can be used to derive the kinetic temperature. TheSHS operates at a Littrow wavelength of 761.8 nm and heterodynes awavelength regime between 761.9 and 765.3 nm with a resolving power of about8000 considering apodization effects. The size of the SHS is38 × 38 × 27 mm3 and its acceptance angle is±5∘. It has an etendue of 0.01 cm2 sr. Complemented by frontoptics with an acceptance angle of ±0.65∘ and detector optics,the entire optical system fits into a volume of about 1.5 L. This allows usto fly this instrument on a 3- or 6-unit CubeSat. The vertical field of viewof the instrument is about 60 km at the Earth's limb when operated in atypical low Earth orbit. Integration times to obtain an entire altitudeprofile of nighttime temperatures are on the order of 1 min for a verticalresolution of 1.5 km and a random noise level of about 1.5 K. Daytimeintegration times are 1 order of magnitude shorter. This work presents thedesign parameters of the optics and a radiometric assessment of theinstrument. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the requiredcharacterization and calibration steps. This includes the characterization ofimage distortions in the different parts of the optics, visibility, and phasedetermination as well as flat fielding.

atmospheric measurement techniques

A highly miniaturized satellite payload based on a spatial heterodyne spectrometer for atmospheric temperature measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere