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A method for directly measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using amobile sensor network in cities at fine spatial resolution was developed andtested. First, a compact, mobile system was built using an infrared gasanalyzer combined with open-source hardware to control, georeference, and logmeasurements of CO2 mixing ratios on vehicles (car, bicycles). Second, twomeasurement campaigns, one in summer and one in winter (heating season) werecarried out. Five mobile sensors were deployed within a 1 × 12. 7 kmtransect across the city of Vancouver, BC, Canada. The sensors were operatedfor 3.5 h on pre-defined routes to map CO2 mixing ratios at street level,which were then averaged to 100  ×  100 m grid cells. The averagedCO2 mixing ratios of all grids in the study area were 417.9 ppm in summerand 442.5 ppm in winter. In both campaigns, mixing ratios were highest inthe grid cells of the downtown core and along arterial roads and lowest inparks and well vegetated residential areas. Third, an aerodynamic resistanceapproach to calculating emissions was used to derive CO2 emissions fromthe gridded CO2 mixing ratio measurements in conjunction with mixingratios and fluxes collected from a 28 m tall eddy-covariance tower locatedwithin the study area. These measured emissions showed a range of −12 to226 CO2 ha−1 h−1 in summer and of −14 to163 kg CO2 ha−1 h−1 in winter, with an average of35.1 kg CO2 ha−1 h−1 (summer) and25.9 kg CO2 ha−1 h−1 (winter). Fourth, an independentemissions inventory was developed for the study area using buildings energysimulations from a previous study and routinely available traffic counts. Theemissions inventory for the same area averaged to22.06 kg CO2 ha−1 h−1 (summer) and28.76 kg CO2 ha−1 h−1 (winter) and was used to compareagainst the measured emissions from the mobile sensor network. The comparisonon a grid-by-grid basis showed linearity between CO2 mixing ratios and theemissions inventory (R2 = 0. 53 in summer and R2 = 0. 47 in winter). Also,87 % (summer) and 94 % (winter) of measured grid cells show adifference within ±1 order of magnitude, and 49 % (summer) and69 % (winter) show an error of less than a factor 2. Although associatedwith considerable errors at the individual grid cell level, the studydemonstrates a promising method of using a network of mobile sensors and anaerodynamic resistance approach to rapidly map greenhouse gases at highspatial resolution across cities. The method could be improved by longermeasurements and a refined calculation of the aerodynamic resistance

A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments