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During 9–16 September 2013, the Front Range region of Colorado experiencedheavy rainfall that resulted in severe flooding. Precipitation totals for theevent exceeded 450 mm, damages to public and private properties wereestimated to be over USD 2 billion, and nine lives were lost. This studyanalyzes the characteristics of precipitable water (PW) surrounding the eventusing 10 years of high-resolution GPS PW data in Boulder, Colorado, which waslocated within the region of maximum rainfall. PW in Boulder is dominated byseasonal variability with an average summertime maximum of 36 mm. In2013, the seasonal PW maximum extended into early September and the Septembermonthly mean PW exceeded the 99th percentile of climatology with a value25 % higher than the 40-year climatology. Prior to the flood, around18:00 UTC on 8 September, PW rapidly increased from 22 to 32 mm andremained around 30 mm for the entire event as a result of the nearlysaturated atmosphere. The frequency distribution of September PW for Boulderis typically normal, but in 2013 the distribution was bimodal due to acombination of above-average PW values from 1 to 15 September and much drierconditions from 16 to 30 September. The above-normal, near-saturation PWvalues during the flood were the result of large-scale moisture transportinto Colorado from the  Tropical Eastern Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. Thismoisture transport was the product of a stagnating cutoff low over thesouthwestern United States working in conjunction with an anticyclone locatedover the southeastern United States. A blocking ridge located over theCanadian Rocky Mountains kept both of the synoptic features in place over thecourse of several days, which helped to provide continuous moisture to thestorm, thus enhancing the accumulated precipitation totals

Precipitable water characteristics during the 2013 Colorado flood using ground-based GPS measurements