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CO2 observations in the free troposphere can be useful for constrainingCO2 source and sink estimates at the surface since they representCO2 concentrations away from point source emissions. The thermalinfrared (TIR) band of the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for CarbonObservation (TANSO) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) on board theGreenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) has been observing globalCO2 concentrations in the free troposphere for about 8 years and thuscould provide a dataset with which to evaluate the vertical transport ofCO2 from the surface to the upper atmosphere. This study evaluatedbiases in the TIR version 1 (V1) CO2 product in the lower troposphere(LT) and the middle troposphere(MT) (736–287 hPa), on the basis ofcomparisons with CO2 profiles obtained over airports using ContinuousCO2 Measuring Equipment (CME) in the Comprehensive Observation Networkfor Trace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) project. Bias-correction values arepresented for TIR CO2 data for each pressure layer in the LT and MTregions during each season and in each latitude band: 40–20° S, 20° S–20° N, 20–40° N, and 40–60° N.TIR V1 CO2data had consistent negative biases of 1–1.5 % compared with CME CO2data in the LT and MT regions, with the largest negative biases at 541–398 hPa, partly due to the use of 10 µm CO2 absorption band inconjunction with 15 and 9 µm absorption bands in the V1retrieval algorithm. Global comparisons between TIR CO2 data to whichthe bias-correction values were applied and CO2 data simulated bya transport model based on the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM-TM) confirmed the validity of the bias-correction values evaluated overairports in limited areas. In low latitudes in the upper MT region (398–287 hPa), however, TIR CO2 data in northern summer were overcorrected bythese bias-correction values; this is because the bias-correction values weredetermined using comparisons mainly over airports in Southeast Asia, whereCO2 concentrations in the upper atmosphere display relatively largevariations due to strong updrafts

Bias assessment of lower and middle tropospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations of GOSAT/TANSO-FTS TIR version 1 product

Bias assessment of lower and middle tropospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations of GOSAT/TANSO-FTS TIR version 1 product