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In the present study, three meteorological events of extreme deep\udmoist convection, characteristic of south-eastern South America, are\udconsidered to conduct a systematic evaluation of the microphysical\udparameterizations available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)\udmodel by undertaking a direct comparison between satellite-based simulated\udand observed microwave radiances. A research radiative transfer model, the\udAtmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS), is coupled with the WRF model under three different microphysical\udparameterizations (WSM6, WDM6 and Thompson schemes). Microwave radiometry has\udshown a promising ability in the characterization of frozen hydrometeors. At\udhigh microwave frequencies, however, frozen hydrometeors significantly\udscatter radiation, and the relationship between radiation and hydrometeor\udpopulations becomes very complex. The main difficulty in microwave remote\udsensing of frozen hydrometeor characterization is correctly characterizing\udthis scattering signal due to the complex and variable nature of the size,\udcomposition and shape of frozen hydrometeors. The present study further aims\udat improving the understanding of frozen hydrometeor optical properties\udcharacteristic of deep moist convection events in south-eastern South\udAmerica. In the present study, bulk optical properties are computed by\udintegrating the single-scattering properties of the\udLiu(2008) discrete dipole approximation (DDA)\udsingle-scattering database across the particle size distributions parameterized by\udthe different WRF schemes in a consistent manner, introducing the equal mass\udapproach. The equal mass approach consists of describing the optical\udproperties of the WRF snow and graupel hydrometeors with the optical\udproperties of habits in the DDA database whose dimensions might be different\ud(D<mo>max</mo>′) but whose mass is conserved. The performance of the\udradiative transfer simulations is evaluated by comparing the simulations with\udthe available coincident microwave observations up to 190 GHz (with\udobservations from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMI/S)) using the χ2 test. Good\udagreement is obtained with all observations provided special care is taken to\udrepresent the scattering properties of the snow and graupel species

atmospheric measurement techniques

Analysis and evaluation of WRF microphysical schemes for deep moist convection over south-eastern South America (SESA) using microwave satellite observations and radiative transfer simulations