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This study presents the evaluation of a technique toestimate cloud condensed water content (CWC) in tropical convection fromairborne cloud radar reflectivity factors at 94 GHz and in situ measurementsof particle size distributions (PSDs) and aspect ratios of ice crystalpopulations. The approach is to calculate from each 5 s mean PSD andflight-level reflectivity the variability of all possible solutions of m(D)relationships fulfilling the condition that the simulated radar reflectivityfactor (T-matrix method) matches the measured radar reflectivity factor. Forthe reflectivity simulations, ice crystals were approximated as oblatespheroids, without using a priori assumptions on the mass–size relationshipof ice crystals. The CWC calculations demonstrate that individual CWC valuesare in the range ±32 % of the retrieved average CWC valueover all CWC solutions for the chosen 5 s time intervals. In addition, duringthe airborne field campaign performed out of Darwin in 2014, as part of theinternational High Altitude Ice Crystals/High Ice Water Content(HAIC/HIWC) projects, CWCs were measured independently with the new IKP-2(isokinetic evaporator probe) instrument along with simultaneous particleimagery and radar reflectivity. Retrieved CWCs from the T-matrixradar reflectivity simulations are on average 16 % higher than the directCWCIKP measurements. The differences between the CWCIKP andaveraged retrieved CWCs are found to be primarily a function of thetotal number concentration of ice crystals. Consequently, a correction termis applied (as a function of total number concentration) that significantlyimproves the retrieved CWC. After correction, the retrieved CWCshave a median relative error with respect to measured values of only −1 %.Uncertainties in the measurements of total concentration of hydrometeors areinvestigated in order to calculate their contribution to the relative errorof calculated CWC with respect to measured CWCIKP. It is shownthat an overestimation of the concentration by about +50 % increases therelative errors of retrieved CWCs by only +29 %, while possibleshattering, which impacts only the concentration of small hydrometeors,increases the relative error by about +4 %. Moreover, all cloud eventswith encountered graupel particles were studied and compared to eventswithout observed graupel particles. Overall, graupel particles seem to havethe largest impact on high crystal number-concentration conditions and showrelative errors in retrieved CWCs that are higher than forevents without graupel particles

atmospheric measurement techniques

Evaluation of radar reflectivity factor simulations of ice crystal populations from in situ observations for the retrieval of condensed water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems