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Ozone plays a significant role in the chemical and radiative\udstate of the atmosphere. For this reason there are many instruments used to\udmeasure ozone from the ground, from space, and from balloons. Balloon-borne\udelectrochemical cell ozonesondes provide some of the best measurements of the\udozone profile up to the mid-stratosphere, providing high vertical resolution,\udhigh precision, and a wide geographic distribution. From the mid-1990s to the\udlate 2000s the consistency of long-term records from balloon-borne\udozonesondes has been compromised by differences in manufacturers, Science\udPump (SP) and ENSCI (EN), and differences in recommended sensor solution\udconcentrations, 1.0 % potassium iodide (KI) and the one-half dilution:\ud0.5 %. To investigate these differences, a number of organizations\udhave independently undertaken comparisons of the various ozonesonde types and\udsolution concentrations, resulting in 197 ozonesonde comparison profiles. The\udgoal of this study is to derive transfer functions to allow measurements\udoutside of standard recommendations, for sensor composition and ozonesonde\udtype, to be converted to a standard measurement and thus homogenize the data\udto the expected accuracy of 5 % (10 %) in the stratosphere (troposphere).\udSubsets of these data have been analyzed previously and intermediate transfer\udfunctions derived. Here all the comparison data are analyzed to compare (1) differences in sensor solution composition for a single ozonesonde type,\ud(2) differences in ozonesonde type for a single sensor solution composition, and\ud(3) the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) and manufacturers'\udrecommendations of 1.0 % KI solution for Science Pump and 0.5 % KI for\udENSCI. From the recommendations it is clear that ENSCI ozonesondes and\ud1.0 % KI solution result in higher amounts of ozone sensed. The results\udindicate that differences in solution composition and in ozonesonde type\uddisplay little pressure dependence at pressures  ≥  30 hPa, and thus the\udtransfer function can be characterized as a simple ratio of the less\udsensitive to the more sensitive method. This ratio is 0.96 for both solution\udconcentration and ozonesonde type. The ratios differ at pressures < 30 hPa such that OZ0. 5%/OZ1. 0 % =  0. 90 + 0. 041 ⋅ log10(p) and OZSciencePump/OZENSCI =  0. 764 + 0. 133 ⋅ log10(p) for p in units of hPa. For the manufacturer-recommended\udsolution concentrations the dispersion of the ratio (SP-1.0 / EN-0.5 %), while\udsignificant, is generally within 3 % and centered near 1.0, such that no\udchanges are recommended. For stations which have used multiple ozonesonde\udtypes with solution concentrations different from the WMO's and\udmanufacturer's recommendations, this work suggests that a reasonably\udhomogeneous data set can be created if the quantitative relationships\udspecified above are applied to the non-standard measurements. This result is\udillustrated here in an application to the Nairobi data set

atmospheric measurement techniques

Methods to homogenize electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde measurements across changes in sensing solution concentration or ozonesonde manufacturer