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Multiple proxy records (tree-ring, coral, ice and documentary) were examinedto isolate ENSO signals associated with both phases of the phenomenon forthe period A.D. 1525-2002. To avoid making large-scale inferences fromsingle proxy analysis, regional signals were aggregated into a network ofhigh-resolution records, revealing large-scale trends in the frequency,magnitude and duration of pre-instrumental ENSO using novel applications ofpercentile analysis. Here we use the newly introduced coupledocean-atmosphere ENSO index (CEI) as a baseline for the calibration of proxyrecords. The reconstruction revealed 83 extreme or very strong ENSO episodessince A.D. 1525, expanding considerably on existing ENSO event chronologies.Significantly, excerpts of the most comprehensive list of La Ni\uf1a eventscomplied to date are presented, indicating peak activity during the16th to mid 17th and 20th centuries. Although extreme eventsare seen throughout the 478-year reconstruction, 43% of the extreme ENSOevents noted since A.D. 1525 occur during the 20th century, with anobvious bias towards enhanced El Ni\uf1o conditions in recent decades. Ofthe total number of extreme event years reconstructed, 30% of allreconstructed ENSO event years occur post-1940 alone suggesting that recentENSO variability appears anomalous in the context of the past fivecenturies

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How unusual was late 20th century El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? Assessing evidence from tree-ring, coral, ice-core and documentary palaeoarchives, A.D. 1525-2002