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. Among the different non-conservative forces acting on GPS satellites, solar radiation pressure (SRP) has the greatest influence and inappropriate modeling of it can introduce an acceleration with the order of 1 × 10−7 m s−2. There are a variety of empirical, analytical, and hybrid empirical-physical models to describe the SRP effect. Among them, the empirical model developed at the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and analytical models based on a box-wing prototype, namely box-shape bus with solar panels, are widely used in the International GNSS Service (IGS) community. To investigate the effects of different a priori SRP models on top of empirical parameterization, two sets of parameters based on the Empirical CODE Orbit Model (ECOM) and two a priori models including the analytical box-wing model and the empirical GPS Solar Pressure Model (GSPM) are tested for the different GPS satellites. Orbit comparison of different SRP scenarios shows that: (1) the two parameterizations of ECOM perform differently for Block IIA and IIR/IIR-M satellites but lead to fewer differences for Block IIF satellites in terms of orbit difference pattern. The 3D RMS of orbit difference of two parameterizations are 25, 30 and 21 mm for each block type. (2) Adoption of a priori model or change of the ECOM parameterization mainly lead to orbit differences varying with both elevation of the Sun w.r.t. the orbit plane and the satellites' argument of latitude w.r.t. the noon point, which is supposed to be related to the special geometry and attitude of every block type. These differences are especially obvious in radial direction. Analysis of estimated parameters of ECOM indicates that (3) the GSPM.04 performs better than box-wing model to describe the main constant solar radiation. It is found (4) that the asymmetry of estimated ECOM parameters in B direction (i.e., the direction completing the orthogonal system with D direction and satellite's solar panel axes), observed for three Block IIR satellites, causes corresponding asymmetrical orbit differences in radial direction when reduced ECOM parameters are used. This does not apply to the extended ECOM parameterization tested in this study, which indicates the insufficiency of reduced ECOM to parameterize asymmetrical satellites.

An analysis of a priori and empirical solar radiation pressure models for GPS satellites