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. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of groundwaterpumping on predicted groundwater circulation below the urban center ofBerlin, Germany, by 3-D numerical models. Of particular interest arehydraulic head distributions, the related shallow-deep groundwaterinteractions and their scale dependency within an anthropogenicallyoverprinted environment. For this purpose, two model scenarios areinvestigated. In the first model realization (Model 1), the effects ofgroundwater pumping are implemented by imposing a fixed, though spatiallyvariable, hydraulic head distribution over the whole model area, thereforeimplicitly taking into account the effects of pumping activities. In thesecond model realization (Model 2), these effects are considered in anexplicit manner by imposing variable production rates in locations wherepumping activities are ongoing. The results of this study show, that both models predict similar hydraulichead distributions on the regional scale (i.e. urban wide). Locally,differences in the extent, volume and depth of emerging depression cones canbe observed. This is manifested in differences in predicted fluid flowpatterns supporting or refuting the possibility of contaminant transport inan area of importance for groundwater production (Lower Havel). Herein, thesecond model approach outlines the necessity of implementing wells as anactive parameter to reproduce observed fluid pathways.

3-D Simulations of Groundwater Utilization in an Urban Catchment of Berlin, Germany