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Elevation effects in long-term (monthly to inter-annual)precipitation data have been widely studied and are taken into account inthe regionalization of point-like precipitation amounts by using methodslike external drift kriging and cokriging. On the daily or hourly timescale, precipitation-elevation gradients are more variable, and difficult toparameterize. For example, application of the annual relativeprecipitation-elevation gradient to each 12-h sub-period reproduces theannual total, but at the cost of a large root-mean-square error. If theprecipitation-elevation gradient is parameterized as a function ofprecipitation rate, the error can be substantially reduced. It is shown thatthe form of the parameterization suggested by the observations conforms towhat one would expect based on the physics of the orographic precipitationprocess (the seeder-feeder mechanism). At low precipitation rates,orographic precipitation is "conversion-limited", thus increasing roughlylinearly with precipitation rate. At higher rates, orographic precipitationbecomes "condensation-limited" thus leading to an additive rather thanmultiplicative orographic precipitation enhancement. Also it is found thatfor large elevation differences it becomes increasingly important to takeinto account those events where the mountain station receives precipitationbut the valley station remains dry

Intensity-dependent parameterization of elevation effects in precipitation analysis