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Many glacier-related hazards are well typified and studied, but some eventsstand out from conventional classifications. The Kolka-Karmadoncatastrophic event on 20 September 2002 in North Ossetia, North Caucasus,Russia is used as an example of a complex glacier failure exhibitingcharacteristics such as high mobility, long runout, ultrarapid movement andmultiphase behaviour. We consider terminology protocol for glacier hazardclassification and then, using the Kolka-Karmadon event and several otherexamples from around the world, we propose a new term for this family ofevents. Catastrophic glacier multi-phase mass movement (CGMM) is describedand further illustrated by eight major events from Russia, Georgia, Peru,Chile, and Canada. CGMM have a combination of specific features:extraordinary velocities and long-distance runout despite low path angle;progressive fluidisation along travel path; superelevation and run-up of the movingmass, air blast wave in the avalanche flow phase; entrainment of availablematerials in its path, and the repeated nature of the event. CGMM events mayaffect areas remote from glaciers which were previously considered as safe

Catastrophic glacial multi-phase mass movements: a special type of glacial hazard