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The vertical columnar current density in the global atmospheric electricalcircuit depends on the local columnar resistance. A simple model for thecolumnar resistance is suggested, which separates the local boundary layercomponent from the upper troposphere cosmic ray component, and calculatesthe boundary layer component from a surface measurement of air conductivity.This theory is shown to provide reasonable agreement with observations. Oneapplication of the simple columnar model theory is to provide a basis forthe synthesis of surface atmospheric electrical measurements madesimultaneously at several European sites. Assuming the ionospheric potentialto be common above all the sites, the theoretical air-earth current densitypresent in the absence of a boundary layer columnar resistance can be foundby extrapolation. This is denoted the free troposphere limit air-earthcurrent density, J0. Using early surface data from 1909 when noionospheric potential data are available for corroboration, J0 is foundto be ~6 pA m−2, although this is subject to uncertainties in thedata and limitations in the theory. Later (1966–1971) European balloon andsurface data give J0=2.4 pA m−2

Multi-station synthesis of early twentieth century surface atmospheric electricity measurements for upper tropospheric properties