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The vertical distribution of ice crystals in Arctic boundary-layermixed-phase (ABM) clouds was investigated by airborneremote-sensing and in situ measurements during the Arctic Study ofTropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR) campaignin March and April 2007. Information on the spectral absorption ofsolar radiation by ice and liquid water cloud particles is derivedfrom airborne measurements of solar spectral radiation reflectedby these clouds. It is shown by calculation of the verticalweighting function of the measurements that the observedabsorption of solar radiation is dominated by the upper cloudlayers (50% within 200 m from cloud top). This verticalweighting function is shifted even closer to cloud top forwavelengths where absorption by ice dominates. On this basis anindicator of the vertical distribution of ice crystals in ABMclouds is designed.  Applying in situ measured microphysical properties, the cloud-topreflectivity was calculated by radiative transfer simulations andcompared to the measurements. It is found that ice crystals nearcloud top (mixed-phase cloud top layer) are necessary to reproducethe measurements at wavelengths where absorption by ice dominates.The observation of backscatter glories on the cloud top generallyindicating liquid water droplets does not contradict thepostulated presence of ice crystals. Radiative transfersimulations reproduce the observed glories even if the cloud toplayer is of mixed-phase character

Evidence of ice crystals at cloud top of Arctic boundary-layer mixed-phase clouds derived from airborne remote sensing