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Kelvin waves excited by tropospheric convection are considered to be one ofthe main drivers of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Inthis paper we combine several measured data sets with the Gravity waveRegional Or Global RAy Tracer (GROGRAT) in order to study the forcing andvertical propagation of Kelvin waves. Launch distributions for the ray tracerat tropospheric altitudes are deduced from space-time spectra of EuropeanCentre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses, aswell as outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and rainfall data measured by theTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The resultingstratospheric Kelvin wave spectra are compared to ECMWF operational analysesand temperature measurements of the Sounding of the Atmosphere usingBroadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite instrument. Questionsaddressed are: the relative importance of source variability versus windmodulation, the relative importance of radiative and turbulent damping versuswave breaking, and the minimum altitude where freely propagating wavesdominate the spectrum

Properties of the average distribution of equatorial Kelvin waves investigated with the GROGRAT ray tracer